Title: Physical limitations of the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem

Abstract: The Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner (HMW) theorem states that infrared (IR) fluctuations prevent long-range order which breaks continuous symmetries in two dimensions (2D), at finite temperatures. We note that the theorem becomes physically effective for superconductivity (SC) only for astronomical sample sizes, so it does not prevent 2D SC in practice. We systematically explore the sensitivity of the various HMW theorems found in the literature to finite-size and disorder effects. For magnetism, finite-size effects, disorder, and perpendicular coupling can all restore the order parameter at a non-negligible value of $T_c$ equally well, making the physical reason for finite $T_c$ sample-dependent. In 2D crystals, finite-size and disorder effects all make the HMW theorem impotent and IR fluctuations secondary to crystal formation. For SC, an alternative version of the HMW theorem is presented, in which the temperature cutoff is set by Cooper pairing, in place of the Fermi energy in the standard version. It still allows 2D SC at $2$ to $3$ times the room temperature when the interaction scale is large and Cooper pairs are small, the case of high-$T_c$ SC in cuprates. Thus IR fluctuations do not prevent 2D SC at room temperatures in samples of any reasonable size, by any known version of the HMW argument.