Title: A Proxy Attack-Free Strategy for Practically Improving the Poisoning Efficiency in Backdoor Attacks

Abstract: Poisoning efficiency plays a critical role in poisoning-based backdoor attacks. To evade detection, attackers aim to use the fewest poisoning samples while achieving the desired attack strength. Although efficient triggers have significantly improved poisoning efficiency, there is still room for further enhancement. Recently, selecting efficient samples has shown promise, but it often requires a proxy backdoor injection task to identify an efficient poisoning sample set. However, the proxy attack-based approach can lead to performance degradation if the proxy attack settings differ from those used by the actual victims due to the shortcut of backdoor learning. This paper presents a Proxy attack-Free Strategy (PFS) designed to identify efficient poisoning samples based on individual similarity and ensemble diversity, effectively addressing the mentioned concern. The proposed PFS is motivated by the observation that selecting the to-be-poisoned samples with high similarity between clean samples and their corresponding poisoning samples results in significantly higher attack success rates compared to using samples with low similarity. Furthermore, theoretical analyses for this phenomenon are provided based on the theory of active learning and neural tangent kernel. We comprehensively evaluate the proposed strategy across various datasets, triggers, poisoning rates, architectures, and training hyperparameters. Our experimental results demonstrate that PFS enhances backdoor attack efficiency, while also exhibiting a remarkable speed advantage over prior proxy-dependent selection methodologies.