Title: Lifetime predictions for virgin and recycled high-density polyethylene under creep conditions

Abstract: Recycling has become a predominant subject in industry and science due to a rising concern for the environment driven by high production volume of plastics. Replacement of virgin polymers with their recycled analogs is not always possible because recycled polymers cannot met the same property profiles as their virgin counterparts. To avoid deterioration of the mechanical properties, it is proposed to replace a virgin polymer with a recycled polymer of another grade whose characteristics (measured in tensile tests) are close to those of the virgin material. This approach opens a way for the use of recycled polymers in short-term application, but its suitability for long-term applications has not yet been assessed. A thorough experimental investigation is conducted of the mechanical response of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) used for insulation of pipes and recycled HDPE manufactured from post-consumer plastic waste (their stiffness, strength and elongation to break adopt similar values). A model is presented in viscoelastoplasticity of semicrystalline polymers. Its parameters are determined by matching experimental data in short-term relaxation and creep tests. The lifetime of virgin and recycled HDPE under creep conditions is evaluated by means of numerical simulation. It is shown that the stress-time to failure diagrams for virgin and recycled HDPE practically coincide.