Title: Direct measurement of energy transfer in strongly driven rotating turbulence

Abstract: A short, abrupt increase in energy injection rate into steady strongly-driven rotating turbulent flow is used as a probe for energy transfer in the system. The injected excessive energy is localized in time and space and its spectra differ from those of the steady turbulent flow. This allows measuring energy transfer rates, in three different domains: In real space, the injected energy propagates within the turbulent field, as a wave packet of inertial waves. In the frequency domain, energy is transferred non-locally to the low, quasi-geostrophic modes. In wavenumber space, energy locally cascades toward small wavenumbers, in a rate that is consistent with two-dimensionsal (2D) turbulence models. Surprisingly however, the inverse cascade of energy is mediated by inertial waves that propagate within the flow with small, but non-vanishing frequency. Our observations differ from measurements and theoretical predictions of weakly driven turbulence. Yet, they show that in strongly-driven rotating turbulence, inertial waves play an important role in energy transfer, even at the vicinity of the 2D manifold.