Title: Harnessing cardiac power: heart kinetic motion analysis for energy harvesters

Abstract: Accurately estimating the complex motion of the heart can unlock enormous potential for kinetic energy harvesting. This paper presents a foundational dataset for heart kinetic motion through in-vivo tests and investigates the most influential factors in heart kinetic motion. In-vivo tests on a living pig's heart, with signal processing, were carried out to study the heart movement by heart beating and respiration motions. A network of nine points on the heart was employed for in vivo measurements. These measurements illustrated the kinetic energy signals in displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The results indicated that the motion level varies in distinct locations over epicardium. The statistical features and autocorrelations were reported for these points, illustrating the highest displacement and acceleration. Each heartbeat generated an energy of 14.35 mJ and a power of 1.03 W. However, this available energy is not uniformly distributed. The results illustrated that not only is cardiac movement location-dependent, but the speed of cardiac displacement cycles is also location-dependent. The right atrium has the highest cardiac kinetic movement with an amplitude of 16.19 mm displacement and 16.3 m/s2 acceleration. To evaluate the energy harvesting possibility from the heart's motion, a piezoelectric energy harvester was simulated by the finite element method, implying that the energy harvesting level significantly depends on implant location over epicardium. The results of this study open the potential of designing novel energy harvesters based on accurate heart movements and provide a foundation for future investigations of energy harvesting for leadless pacemaker energy systems.