Title: Characterizing inner automorphisms and realizing outer automorphisms

Abstract: We give elementary proofs of the following two theorems on automorphisms of a finite group G: (1) An automorphism of G is inner if and only if it extends to an automorphism of every finite group containing G. (2) There exists a finite group, whose outer automorphism group is isomorphic to G. The first theorem was proved by Pettet using a graph-theoretical construction of Heineken-Liebeck. A Lie-theoretical proof of the second theorem was sketched by Cornulier in a MathOverflow post. Our proofs are purely group-theoretical.