Title: Linear Theory of Visco-Resistive Tearing Instability

Abstract: In this study, a new linear theory of tearing instability is shown, where the modified LSC (Loureiro, Schekochihin, and Cowley) theory [36] developed from the original LSC theory [8] is extended from inviscid-resistive MHD to viscous-resistive MHD. In contrast to FKR [2] and original LSC theories, the upstream open boundary condition is implemented at a finite point $\xi_c$, which is an additional control parameter to determine the solutions. This paper firstly studies when the resistivity and viscosity are uniform in space. In addition, some variations in the nonuniformity are studied. It is shown that the non-uniformity can enhance the linear growth rate, rather than uniform case. Unexpectedly, this suggests that the forward cascade process of plasmoid instability (PI) does not stop, i.e., the finite differential MHD simulations fail. To stop the forward cascade, uniform viscosity is required not only in the inner region of the current sheet but also in the outer region. In the uniform case, the critical condition is predicted to be $2P_m/(S \xi_{c})=0.06$, beyond which the tearing instability, i.e., the forward cascade, stops. Here, $S$ is the Lundquist number, $P_m$ is the magnetic Prandtl number, and $\xi_{c}$ is the distance between the upstream open boundary and neutral sheet, where the current sheet thickness is fixed at $\xi_0=1.307$. According to the critical condition, the resistivity and viscosity employed in most MHD simulations of PI are too small to stop the forward cascade. This critical condition may be also applicable for the trigger problem of the current sheet destabilization in substorms and solar flares.