Title: Input-Output Specifications of Grid-Forming Functions and Data-Driven Verification Methods

Abstract: This work investigates interoperability and performance specifications for converter interfaced generation (CIG) that can be verified using only input-output data. First, we develop decentralized conditions on frequency stability that account for network circuit dynamics and can be verified using CIG terminal dynamics and a few key network parameters. Next, we formalize performance specifications that impose requirements on the CIG disturbance response. A simple data-driven validation method is presented that enables verification of the interoperability and performance specifications for CIG using input-output data from a two-node system. Data obtained from electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are used to illustrate the proposed approach and the impact of key parameters such as inner control loop gains, network coupling strength, and controller bandwidth limitations.